@article{oai:tobunken.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003901,
 author = {木川, りか and 喜友名, 朝彦 and 立里, 臨 and 佐藤, 嘉則 and 佐野, 千絵 and 杉山, 純多 and Rika, KIGAWA and Tomohiko, KIYUNA and Nozomi, TAZATO and Yoshinori, SATO and Chie, SANO and Junta, SUGIYAMA},
 issue = {54},
 journal = {保存科学, Science for conservation},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {In January 2004,excavation of the Kitora Tumulus took place and the relocation of the paintings started. In 2013, the relocation works were completed and the stone chamber of the Kitora Tumlus was buried again.
 In this report,the results of our surveys of microorganisms detected using cultivation/culture-dependent methods during the period from 2004 to 2013 are summarized,and details of the results of our recent surveys of the stone chamber interior in September 2012 and of the southern stone part of the Tumulus in February 2013 are provided.
 Soon after people began to go into the stone chamber in 2004,fungal appearances were visible to the naked eye on the wall plaster and murals. In the beginning, fungi such as Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp. appeared as the major contaminants inside the stone chamber.Ethanol was mainly used to kill and remove such fungal colonies, as it was thought to be one of the mildest of fungicides to the pigments of the murals. In early 2005, small colonies of viscous gels appeared on some parts of the walls. In the summer of 2005,the viscous gels suddenly developed to form biofilms on the plaster walls. In the fall of 2005, small holes (ca. 10mm diam) with black substances inside became obvious on the plaster walls. Such holes might have been caused by the activity of microbes, especially by an acetic acid bacterium,Gluconacetobacter sp. (later identified as G. tumulicola),which had been isolated from one of the black substances from a hole in the ceiling.Dark colored fungi,such as the basidiomycetous fungus Burgoa sp.(later identified as B. anomala) characterized by bulbils and the anamorphic fungi Acremonium (sect. Gliomastix) spp. characterized by darkly pigmented ameroconidia, were also detected inside the stone chamber.
 In 2008, almost all of the paintings on the side walls and the star charts on the ceiling were relocated. By our survey in 2008, species of the fungal genera Penicillium, Clonostachys, Cladosporium, Phialophora, Ophiostoma, Cylindrocarpon, Phialocephala and Trichoderma were isolated from the samples collected from the stone chamber interior.
 As some chemicals can be a nutrient source for growth of some microbes, measures such as intermittent UV irradiation were applied from March 2009 to 2013 in order to control microorganisms in the stone chamber interior.Growth of most fungal mycelia was suppressed effectively. However, dark/dematiaceous fungal species of genera such as Acremonium (sect. Gliomastix), Phialophora, Cladophialophora, Arthrinum, and Exophiala were often detected as predominant species. This suggests that those dark fungal species might have been dominant as relatively tolerant species to UV irradiation though significant visible damage by such species was not observed. On the other hand, dark colored fungi, such as Phialophora, Cladophialophora, and Exophiala, were also isolated from the surface of the southern stone of the Tumulus where UV irradiation was not applied. Therefore, direct relationship between UV irradiation and detection of such species is not clear at present. Since Phialophora, Cladophialophora, and Exophiala were often isolated from stone surfaces,they may be considered as fungi that grow on stones.As some of these genera are known to be human pathogens,appropriate precautions are necessary to handle such biofilms in the tumulus environment.},
 pages = {83--109},
 title = {〔報告〕キトラ古墳の微生物調査報告（2012年～2013年）および2004年から2013年までの微生物調査結果概要},
 year = {2015}
}